Ruler over Heaven, Earth, and Sea

Changes in rulership have been associated with uncertainties for populations to this day. The notables of Pergamon had been observing the sixteen-year-old Commodus since 177, after his father Marcus Aurelius elevated him as co-emperor and presumptive successor. When he succeeded his deceased father in 180, people believed they understood how to flatter the new sole ruler of the Roman Empire. A large bronze coin from Pergamon, minted at the beginning of Emperor Commodus's sole rule, hints at the hubris that characterized some heads of state both then and now.